History of Building Construction
Building construction is an essential human activity. It started with the wholly functional need for a controlled environment to cope with the effects of climate. Shelters were one way by which human beings were able to adjust themselves to a great variety of weather conditions and become a global species.
Human homes were in the beginning very simple and probably lasted only a few days or months. Over time, however, even temporary structures developed into such highly refined forms as the igloo. Gradually more durable structures began to appear, particularly after the beginning of farming, when people began to remain in one place for long periods. The original dwellings, but eventually other functions, such as food storage and ceremony, were placed in other structures. Some buildings began to have symbolic as well as operational value, denoting the beginning of the difference between architecture and building.
The history of building is recognised by several trends. One is the developing durability of the materials used. Early construction materials were perishable, such as leaves, branches, and animal hides. Later, more hardy natural materials—eg clay, stone, and timber—and, finally, synthetic materials—such as brick, concrete, metals, and plastics—are used. Another is the desire for structures of ever greater height and span; this was made possible by the development of stronger materials and by knowledge of how materials behave and how to exploit them to better advantage. A third major trend is the degree of control placed over the interior environment of buildings: increasingly precise regulation of air temperature, light and sound levels, humidity, odours, air speed, and other factors which affect our comfort has been made possible. Yet another factor is the change in energy available to the construction process, starting with human muscle power and moving into the powerful machinery used today.
The present state of home construction is intricate. There is a large range of building products and systems which are aimed primarily at groups of building types or markets. The design process for buildings is highly organised and uses research establishments which study material properties and performance, code officials who develop and enforce safety standards, and design professionals who determine user needs and design a building to meet those needs. The construction process is also highly organised; it includes the manufacturers of building products and systems, the craftsmen who create them on the building site, the contractors who hire and coordinate the work of the builders, and consultants who specialise in such areas as building management, quality control, and insurance.
Building construction today is an important part of modern culture, a product of its range and complexity and a measure of its mastery of natural forces, which can produce a widely varied built environment to serve the diverse needs of society. This article first outlines the history of building construction, then portrays its development at the present time.
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