Tents and Marquees
Event Tents, such as wedding tents are for when you want to make a fabulous outdoor scene. They are generally structures installed at a location for a period of time.
Why A Tent?
Commercial Tents are used as protection from the sun, rain or a gathering place. They can make a stunning and creative atmosphere for any event.
Tent Rentals
Tents can be rented or leased for a day, a weekend, weeks, months, etc. For one or two day events, the Tents are usually installed a few days before the event, depending on scheduling and weather, and remain until a few days after the event. Many rentals are quoted for the entire week, allowing for time to set up and design the interior and exterior. Some Tents are built for exceedingly long-term events and have been installed and remain installed for years.
What Kind of Tent Should I Rent?
Tent rental companies come in all sizes - from small-sized companies with just a few Tents to exceedingly large-sized companies - carrying dozens of several sizes and styles of Tents. Some general rental companies rent from tent rental companies to accommodate their client’s needs.
You may know you want to use a standard Tent for your event, or your event planner may already have in mind to use a Tent. You have options! There are lots of other fabulous
structures and Tent styles out there. Some are unique and make a statement of their own. Ask the rental company you’re working with for a list of the type styles they have on hand.
Usually, the different types of Tents available in most companies are (the names vary depending of the company):
Folding Tents Easy and fast to use and always in demand. Very popular, because usually is the less expensive tent. Fast, flexible, cost effective and long lasting.
They are used by:
- Corporate brands across most industries
- Government & Council buyers
- SME business marketers
- Franchisees
- Agricultural exhibitors
- Emergency services & community groups
- Folding Tents create brand exposure opportunities.
- You can reach your audience at the right time, in the right place with the right message.
Inflatable Tents An exciting and fun alternative Tent. Easy & fast to set up. Be sure they have removable printed roof because in that way you can share the investment with other licences.
What Size Tent Will I Need?
The size of Tent depends on a few factors:
1. The number of guests you expect
2. Layout or seating arrangements or the style of event:
* Reception with what type of tables?
* Speaker engagement with what type of seating?
* Will you need a dance floor?
* Will you need display areas for your products?
If you are interested in a Tent, you can expect to need about 2,000 - 2,500 square feet for 200-seated guests. That could mean a 40 x 60 size Tent (Always ask the Tent rental vendor directly and they’ll give you the best informationabout the size of Tent you’ll need).
Therefore, the key rule is; know what you are going to use your tent for. The choice of tents is astounding, almost on par with the choice of cars that you can buy.
So if you need a tent for the family BBQ, for example, your needs are fairly fundamental
and your budget may be low. Look for cheap tents that offers a waterproof Polyester roof and a decent warranty for under $600.
If you need a tent for a school or sports club you will need a diverse range of sizes, and colours. Most plain colour Tents s range between $995- $2900. If you are keen to advertise yourself, you can have your names printed for around $150-$300. Printing logos usually be a little more expensive.
In the last 5 years, portable Tents have become important to businesses for their marketing. The key need for these buyers is a prominent and identical reproduction of their logo. Sign written or printed Tents can be as dull as a website address or they can be a design masterpiece.
Remember, if it is for commercial purposes, the aim is to build recognition of your company with your printed Tent. Printed corporate Tents range in price from $1500- $4000. Good ones will really catch your eye.
Once you have decided on what sort of buyer you are and how you are going to use your Tents, a good Tents company will offer you a choice of frames, a warranty of between 3-5 years and help with formulating the printing-if you need it.
For more information about tents, contact Extreme Marquees. We have a range of cheap tents, for all sorts of home and business applications.
Sphere: Related ContentNew Zealand’s Top Holiday Cities
New Zealand has a radiant array of beautiful landscapes. Like imposing mountain ranges, majestic coastlines, dense rainforests, deep fiords, snow capped mountains and steaming volcanoes. These scenic wonders have all made New Zealand an appealing destination for all kinds of holidays.
Amazing travel packages and holiday specials are available on quality accommodation in modern city hotels and luxurious wilderness lodges at slashed prices. Among the top holiday destinations in New Zealand, Queenstown, Christchurch and Auckland would definitely be there. Travel Online is a prominent online specialist travel operator and provides astounding tourist services for New Zealand. Travel Online provides an instant quote and booking service for accommodation in cities right across the country.
Queenstown
The international resort town of Queenstown is situated on the shoreline of Wakatipu Lake. This beautiful region is among the most picturesque locations on the globe. Throughout the year adventurous and stimulating sports like jet boating, bungy jumping, and white water rafting take place. This town is the epicentre of the entire world’s bungy jumping activities too. With the advent of winter, the town gets transformed to an alpine wonderland with snowboarders and skiers from all corners of the world assembling at the annual Winter Festival.
There is constant demand for Queenstown Accommodation all round the year and Travel Online offers a select group of hotels best suited for New Zealand holidays. 1, 2, 3 or 4 bedroom apartments, with cutting-edge facilities, gyms, spas and fantastic views are available at various holiday retreats across the city. Bigger apartments with more bedrooms, tennis courts, private jetties and fitness centres are also available at a higher price. Luxury complexes with studio rooms in the vicinity of cafes, bars, and restaurants are also found in Travel Online’ Queenstown Accommodation selection.
Christchurch
When choosing a place to stay in Christchurch look for hotels that give views over the beautiful Victoria Square, across the mesmerizing Avon River or towards the epochal Anglican Cathedral. Situated on New Zealand’s South Island, this cosmopolitan city is always abuzz with fantastic festivals, shopping spots, theaters and art galleries. Hotels overlooking Victoria Square provide visitors with an insight in to the city’s English history.
Individuals accommodated in the vicinity of the Christchurch Cathedral will find hotel rooms with a Manhattan-style feel. Tradition and elegance are everywhere in these hotels along with a keen eye on service excellence. Luxurious bedrooms with full-fledged kitchen facilities are common, along with hi-tech conference facilities, resort-like leisure features like spas, saunas, gyms, and swimming pools. Many of these hotels provided by Travel Online are located in the vicinity of the Technology Park, the International Antarctic Centre, and the airport. Travelers who want to stay away from the hustle and bustle of the cosmopolitan life will find suitable accommodation in the radiantcountryside surrounding the city.
Auckland
Auckland, also known as the City of Sails, is located in between 2 harbors and has more boats per person than anywhere on the planet. Within minutes a person has the choice of sailing away on yachts to isolated nearby islands, living the high life in the casino, surfing at lots of beaches or tasting the exotic wines at local vineyards. Hotels come in stylish and comfortable studios, and spacious executive / marina suites. Travel Online caters to the tastes of corporate and business tourists and can beat any price seen on Auckland accommodation advertised. Auckland harbor is majestic, and is seen perfectly from atop Sky City and the surrounding accommodation.
Affordable and comfortable apartments are available for casual tourists, equipped with kitchens, laundries, and balconies to provide a wonderful holidaying experience. Visitors to Auckland love visiting the Antarctic Encounter, which showcases the only penguins present in the sub-Antarctic region. More encounters include cage-bereft shark dives, scuba expeditions and snorkel safaris. New Zealand is waiting.
Travel Online has a wide range of Queenstown accommodation close to all the snow action and cosmopolitan Christchurch accommodation surrounded by all that theatre and art. For holidays in and around the water, Auckland accommodation is as good as anywhere in the world.
Sphere: Related ContentRepairing Flooded Carpet: A cheap job is a good job right? Wrong….
Don’t have an inexperienced 24 hour carpet cleaner attempt to repair your carpets with water damage. These are the signs you need to be aware of:
Overcharging. An amateur water restoration restorer may build the job up with superfluous inclusions. E.g. using dehumidification for drying the water damaged carpets when it is not needed.
Not having the correct equipment. They sometimes borrow equipment from hire places for drying the carpet. This is ok to do, but an experienced water damage cleaner will have all their equipment to provide a faster response and hopefully a better value job.
Proper moisture metre. If they don’t have the right moisture meter, they won’t be able to see whether the carpet is fixed. This enhances the risk of mould growth in the future. Mould removal would then be required.
Specialised. There are a whole lot of “Carpet Cleaners” in this industry who do repair repairs on the “side.” i.e. they aren’t the ones who deal with this type of task each day. Be wary of this. Drying carpets is an art. Reinstalling carpets on the gripper strips should be taken on by a professional, otherwise carpets can be damaged irrepairably.
You may be pondering, how do I pick a good Flood Restoration Business? Below I have listed some pointers to look out for when hunting around for a carpet flood damage business:
The size of their Yellow Pages ad: This can indicate how much business they are getting already. A full-size Yellow Pages ad slot can cost around $50 000. When they have paid for a large ad, you can have some promise that they are established.
Where do they show in Google? The higher they are in Google, the more click-ins there have been for the business.
What Qualifications do they have? The foundational qualification required is a IICRC qualification about Applied Structural Drying and Water Damage Restoration.
Do Insurance companies hire them for their carpet damage jobs? This is a top indicator. If insurance companies source them, the business is likely to be superb at their job. Insurance companies generally use the providers that give them the top value for their client’s money.
How much Equipment do they have? They should at least own 100 Air movers. If they own this many, this is a good indicator that they have been in the game for some time. Our business took 8 years to build up that many wet carpet drying air movers.
What type of commitment can you get from them by calling? Ask if you can pin them down to a set rate for water extraction, water removal and initial inspection. If they won’t give you a rate for at least this, you know they are not interested in serving you, so go elsewhere.
Response Time – Our Water Damage Brisbane-based business is premised to a 59 minute response time to water damage emergency. The job needs to be completed ASAP. Mould can appear during a 24 hour period.
If you go by these tips you are sure to choose a Flood Damage Restoration company who knows how to do the job.
If you have carpet water damage Brisbane, call us for flooded wet carpet drying. Brisbane storm season is approaching and you may need storm damage carpet cleaning. Brisbane and surrounding areas serviced.
Sphere: Related ContentPodiatry as a Career in Australia
As a practicing podiatrist in Brisbane, Australia, I am frequently asked by patients if podiatry would be a good career for a school leaver to contemplate . There are many things to recommend a career in podiatry including:
- You can be self employed: This is a option that is increasingly being denied to other health care providers such as optometrists and even Family Doctors. Big Business controls a lot of health practices. Consider how often you see an independent optometrist these days – can they compete on price with the multinational chains?
- Legal Issues: In Australia (unlike the USA where things are very different), podiatrists very, very rarely get sued . The nature of podiatry practice does not lend itself to accidentally harming one’s patients. Also, you never have to give your customers the bad news that their condition will be terminal.
- Working Hours: Emergency call outs are very unlikely. This is welcome news for those among us who like their sleep uninterrupted.
- Financial Reward: Whilst it is true that podiatry doesn’t pay as well as being a doctor or dentist , the pay is generally commensurate with other allied health providers.
- Instant Gratification: One of the best facets of a career as a podiatrist is the instant gratification! People come in with pain and leave happy. You will experience a plethora of bite-sized jobs each day, many with a cure you can provide immediately. From someone that has worked with unanimously grumpy customers in a past career, believe me when I tell you, it makes the day much more rewarding when people leave you smiling.
- Philanthropy: Podiatry will afford you an abundance of opportunity to help eliminate the suffering of your fellow human beings.
- Self – Determination: Podiatry provides a professional the power to determine their own course of action for the benefit of their patients. This is unlike a career in nursing for example where one acts under the direction of a doctor.
- Clear Job roles: The only people who can hold themselves out to be a podiatrist are those with a podiatry qualification. The clear roles that this defines relieves the need to find your ‘niche’ after university - as someone with a more generic Bachelor of Science degree might need to do.
- Feel the need to travel? There are many places across the world that do not produce their own podiatrists including Tasmania, the Northern Territory, all of Asia and all of the Middle East. If you want to work your way around the world, Australian podiatrists can work in any Commonwealth country and are especially in demand in Singapore, Egypt, United Arab Emirates and other far flung fields.
- Variety: In any given day, a podiatrist will see a big range of complaints. There might be an ingrown toenail or two, an excruciating corn, a sports injury, some sacroiliac pain and at least a couple of painful arches . The key to being a good podiatrist is to bea good problem solver. Every patient is an individual with a unique problem requiring a well considered solution.
How do you qualify as a podiatrist ?
To qualify as a podiatrist requires six Australian Universities:
-
Curtin University
- La Trobe University
- Charles Sturt University
- Queensland University of Technology
- University of South Australia
- University of Western Sydney.
Last year, the entry score for the QUT was OP 8.
Stephanie Cosgrove graduated as a podiatrist from QUT in 1990 and with a Master’s degree in Applied Science (Podiatry) in 1996. Since 1991, she has worked in private practice as a Podiatrist Brisbane. She received three university prizes during her studies, including the award for excellence in design and manufacture of orthotics. Brisbane has been the site of her private practice since 1991 which has grown to four locations and eleven staff. If you want to Walk Without Pain consider a visit to Brisbane’s most innovative podiatry practice today. Call for an appointment now on 1300 A1 Feet.
Sphere: Related ContentEight Steps to Great Web Design
Take control of getting your site conceived by a developer and know the process it will save you money and gain you a site that actually works the intended purpose!
1. Comprehending your business and how you are currently established in your market.
In order to author a site that truly meets your requirements; you first need to have a full knowledge of your business including your products, and/or services and more importantly their market position. You then have to consider how you want to explain your business and what it offers in 7 seconds or less. Sounds impossible? Well that is the average time that a user will consider the point “is this site I searched for?”.
2. Budget and estimation
Have a budget in mind and don’t be afraid to let the developers know what it is. In saying this: BE REALISTIC, $500 will never see a great web site created, nor will they be anything left in the bank to market it.
3. The creative process
Be loaded with example sites and more importantly the elements of the site you like so they can achieve an understanding of what you would like to see on your site and also what you find frustrating about other sites. This will construct a good profile and analyze not only what type of site to construct for you but your tolerance to colours, animations, layouts etc. for your requirements which will allow for effective development. The more interaction and information you allow them in the beginning the more time you will save everybody in the long run by achieving what you want 1st time round. Check with the designers on how many rounds of changes come with the contract, most will allow for a total conceptual redesign only once and 2 rounds of changes after that.
4. Production and Content
After the home page design is made, the developers will more than likely acquire the general layout of this concept and then construct the inner page template. It is this template that will be duplicated for most of your pages for your site.
Provide your content in a pre-proofed word processed document; don’t get too creative with the document fonts etc. as these will not be preserved when the content is copied into the code of the site. It is inferred that you do use bolding, underlining, headings and sub heading though ,as these highlights are transferred into the site and are crucial later on in not only establishing with the reader but for Search Engine Optimisation.
One last tip for content; present a decent amount of content but present it in a way that a reader may achieve a summary of what you are trying to get across in the 1st couple of paragraphs and an image or to. The rest of the paragraphs that get into finer details ARE FOR GOOGLE !
5. Development Programming and CMS
If your website contains Content Managed Areas (CMS) or has any other dynamic sections the developers will wrap your design around a content management program such as Joomla or Drupal or they may have a custom built system. Make sure that you get to see how the CMS system works on another site they have developed or an example site they may have. You need to know that you can use and understand the system when your site is complete.
6. Testing and training
We work closely with the developers to test your site especially if there are any CMS or special programs that have been made for you. You can guarantee if it is has just been written for you then it will not operate 100% first time round. This is a where things can get ugly in the process you must understand the way the program operates and test it as if you were normal website user. If it doesn’t make sense to you, odds are it won’t make sense to your audience. Make sure you test your website on more than just your browser, try to test it on Internet Explorer, Firefox and Safari. All of these browsers are avialable on the internet for free!
7. Launch – going live
When the developers are ready to bring your site live make sure you have completed the above testing step until you are pleased that this website is the best representation of your business / product it can be. Remember even though you can change things after going live it is still a poor reflection on your business if there are spelling mistakes or broken images when you launch.
8. Marketing
There is little point in having a website if nobody visits it, make sure as part of you contract you have considered search engine optimisation and or search engine marketing as part of your website build. This is the absolute most important factor of the whole process. If you are the only one looking at your site then you are in trouble.
Remember Search Engine Optimisation is about 30% Onsite (getting your site correct for Search Engine to index correctly) and 70% Promotion. Any developer who tells you otherwise hasn’t been in the industry too long.
For more information about web design Brisbane, contact Web Site Blue. Our web designers understand marketing as well as design.
Sphere: Related ContentTips to Creating a New Business Logo
A logo is a decisive step to forming a business. It is the face of your business. And like your face represents the tone of your business, gestures the service and reveals the professionalism or lack there of.
People spend a lot of money on the formation of their logo and walk away with no artwork files. Then a couple months down the track when they need to put signage on their new building they cannot track the design studio down that formulated the original logo for them and so incur costs to have it redone. This is needless and may cause difficulties when trying to recreate the logo exactly as determined originally.
We have created some basic tips you for to think about when creating a logo. Hopefully these will help you from experiencing any future difficulties.
Tip 1
First things first - you need to decide if you would like your logo to have an accompanying icon. It is advised that if your service or product name is not in your business name then perhaps an icon will assist in portraying a clear message across to your target audience.
An icon can add an extra element to your branding in that you could use the icon on its own on collateral where perhaps you are looking for a more illustrative finish without losing recognition.
A perfect example of this is the well-known and executed Nike logo.
Tip 2
Colour can be an crucial decision as it not only could affect the output costs but can also margin your output use. Think about the end result and what you will be putting your branding onto in the future. Make sure your designer is aware of this as they should design accordingly.
Tip 3
Insure you get a back up disk of your logo as a master file and make sure that it includes all the files required for the different printing formats.
Creative software updates frequently and some programmes become obsolete. Ensure you have a copy of your logo as a PDF - with the text converted to curves.
Tip 4
Using images in your logo is not very easy to accomplish. For example it is difficult to reverse into black and white. Images also have limitations when it comes to size - they can only be reproduced to a certain size before they start pixilation.
Tip 5
Using gradients in your logo is not recommended. This too can have limitations when it comes to output for ie: gradients are hard to reproduce when embroidering fabrics.
Tip 6
Make certain sure the font is legible. Some logos need to be reproduced on small pieces of collateral ie: post stamps. It is important that in this case the text is
readable
Tip 7
Make sure that you accept a copy of your logo in CMYK high resolution 300 dpi (for printing use) and RGB 72 dpi(for web use).
Tip 8
It is important to have a style guide of your logo. It will clearly show you how to use your logo so it looks exactly the same every time it is reproduced. This allows you to keep your corporate image consistent.
Tip 9
Make sure that you get a letter from the design studio declaring that you own the copyright to your logo.
If you follow these tips then not only will you acquire a well-designed logo but you will also own the artwork. And when it comes to reproducing your collateral you will be doing it the most cost effective way.
For logo design Brisbane and web design Brisbane, contact graphic design Brisbane today for a free two hour consultation.
Sphere: Related ContentHow to Create a Style Guide
How many times have you sent business cards to print and received yet another version of your corporate colour? Ever been thrilled to see your advert in the latest newspaper and then caught that the crucial tag line is missing or your logo has been squashed.
There is only one way to thwart this from happening and that is to use a style guide. Not only will a style guide help you control the reproduction of your logo - it will also help you fortify your brand recognition – which many argue is one of the strongest selling tools.
We have placed the below steps together for you as a starting point.
Step 1 : Mark the audience for your Style Guide. Is this for staff to use in-house or is this for suppliers and contractors to refer to?
Step 2 : Mark what your output uses are. This is important because you will require different logos and file formats for example, black and white publication adverts in comparison to vehicle graphics.
Step 3 : Define the tone for the copy and content required. For example you may needcopy rules for printed content and then copy rules for website content.
Content rules cover all punctuation rules and how to attribute to the business and team.
Step 4 : Ensure you layout all the design templates so it is clear how and where the logo and branding sits on all the different pieces of collateral that may be repeated.
Step 5 : Insure to accommodate any contributing logos or logos of business that are correlated with you. It’s also important that you mail a copy of the layout to these companies to guarantee they accept the layout of their logo as they too may have their own Style Guide and hierarchy layout rules.
Step 6 : Insure that grammar, spelling and contact details are correct.
Step 7 : Make certain that when suppliers are using the Style Guide they understand~know~discern~apprehend} that a proof needs to be dispatched~sent~mailed~commissioned}to you to be validated as correct.
Make your Style Guide completed and as tight as possible. Then have it saved in an email friendly file format and have a couple printed. Once this is done we strongly advocate a training session – whereby your design studio arrives and trains your staff on how to use the Style Guide and most importantly your brand.
For graphic design Brisbane, logo design Brisbane and web design Brisbane, contact Bydaughters today. We help your brand build business.
Sphere: Related ContentProjectors: LCD Verses DLP (The downfall of DLP technology)
The most common question that is asked when looking for a new projector for the home, office, or classroom is: will I buy an LCD projector or a DLP projector? LCD, standing for ‘liquid crystal device’ and DLP, standing for ‘digital light processing’ are the two most common projector imaging technologies. With so many company brands and models available, it can be overwhelming for the buyer to make a decision between those technologies. Ultimately LCD projectors have better image quality and colour accuracy. The following article will tell you why DLP projectors struggle with projecting a comparable grade of image quality.
Imagine a set of blinds in your home covering your bedroom window. With the twist of a rod you can make the shutters open or closed, depending on whether you want to let light in or not. Such is exactly how an LCD projector works. Each pixel works like its own shutter on a set of blinds to either shine light through or to block it. DLP on the other hand is formed of millions of microscopic mirrors or ‘pixel elements’ as pros like to call them. Each pixel element operates to either reflect light or block it.
How the light source is processed from the point at which the projector is turned on to when the image reaches your screen is extremely important for image quality, brightness and colour accuracy. LCD projectors shine white light from the lamp by splitting it into red, blue and green components, by three mirrors which project the coloured light to 3 different LCD panels. The 3 LCD panels create the elements of the image by turning each pixel on and off. The pixels are then projected in a glass prism to send the projector image. An important point to know about LCD projectors is that all three colours are delivered onto your projected surface all at once. The way a DLP projector runs is very different and even how an image comes out is not the same. With DLP, white light from the lamp is directed through a spinning colour wheel with transparent red, blue and green segments, at speeds up to 11,000 rpm/s. This approach to projecting an image forms a sequence of red, blue and green light. The millions of micro mirrors as mentioned above reflect the coloured light on the pixels to produce the image elements. The elements of the image are sent in sequence on the screen, one colour at a time. The viewer’s eyes will then put together each coloured element of the image into a single total image. In LCD projectors, all colours are available all the time to deliver high brightness and superb colour accuracy. In DLP, just one colour is available at once, resulting in lower colour brightness and accuracy. Some designers have added a white segment into the colour wheel to improve brightness overall, but this further degrades colour accuracy.
I read in forums all the time that DLP offers a higher contrast ratio and as such must be superior. For those uncertain, the contrast ratio is a measure of a display system defined as the ratio of the luminance of the brightest white to that of the darkest black that the projector is able to produce. DLP projectors do provide high contrast specifications as compared to many LCD projectors. Initially, this appears to be a benefit, however, in truth, the true black level is determined by the ambient light in the room when the projector is being utilised. Do not be hoodwinked by contrast specifications on websites and in brochures.
When the content you wish to project requires moving images, DLP projection technology can also have image imperfections, or ‘artifacts’. The most commonplace artifact that a DLP projector displays with moving images is colour break up. Colour break up is to be expected in DLP systems because moving images keep changing between the time red, blue and green colours are shone. LCD projectors do not have this downside because every colour is sent at once. DLP builders have formed 3DLP solutions using 3 chips to resolve the colour break up error, but the price tag of these projectors make them hardly practical for the large part of businesses and consumers.
Another point of difference between LCD and DLP is how they make up for the refractive qualities of light. Remember back to high school science, and remember how different colours of light refract different amounts when projected through the same lens. The downside with DLP projectors is that they have the one same panel for the same lens to project Red, Blue and Green. All 3 colours are obviously not the same and refract light in a different way. Often with a DLP projector, some yellow colour will be projected above and an extra blue will come up below an image as simple as a straight black line. In manufacturing LCD projectors can be adapted to minimize these effects on the projected image, as each colour is directed on isolated LCD panels.
The one veritable plus (excluding price) with choosing a DLP projector is its smaller size and weight. However, this is only relevant in regard to portability and must be traded off against the image plusses of LCD projectors. If overall picture quality is vital to you, then the choice is easy. Take an LCD projector! LCD projectors will consistently produce bright, colourful images with fewer image errors. If you want to ask more about LCD technology in more detail, have a look at this tremendous resource website: Explore 3LCD. If you have any more questions, visit Projector Central and send me an email.
Jonathan King is the sales and marketing manager for Projector Central, Australia’s leading online shop for projectors. Brisbane-based, Projector Central has serviced Australia for 15 years. For data projectors in Brisbane and Interactive Whiteboards, contact Projector Central today.
Sphere: Related ContentYachting and Yacht Clubs
As the Dutch came to preeminence in sea power during the 17th century, the early yacht was a pleasure craft used initially by royalty and then by the burghers in the canals and then in the protected and unprotected waters of the Low Countries. Racing was incidental, borne from private challenges. English yachting originated with King Charles II of England during his exile in the Low Countries. On his reaffirmation to the English royalty in 1660, the city of Amsterdam presented him with a 20-metre (66-foot) pleasure boat with a beam (maximum width) of 5.6 m (18 feet), which he called Mary. Charles and his brother James, the duke of York (James II, reigned 1685–88), built other yachts and in 1662 raced two of them from the Thames, from Greenwich, to Gravesend, and back, on a £100 punt. Yachting became popular for the wealthy and nobility, but after that point the trend did not last.
The first yacht club in the British Isles, the Water Club, was instigated in about 1720 at Cork, Ire., as a cruising and unofficial coast guard organization, and had large naval panoply and gravity. The closest thing to racing boats was the “chase,” in which the “fleet” pursued a fictional enemy. The club went on, largely as a social club, until 1765, and in 1828, by joining with other groups, it was known as the Cork Yacht Club (later the Royal Cork Yacht Club).
Yacht racing was seen in some stipulated method on the Thames around the mid-18th century. The duke of Cumberland instigated the Cumberland Fleet for Thames racing in 1775. When George IV came to the throne in 1820, it came to be called the Fleet to His Majesty’s Coronation Sailing Society. The Thames Yacht Club seceded with a racing dispute, to become the Royal Thames Yacht Club in 1830. The first English yacht society had been started at Cowes on the Isle of Wight in 1815, and royal patronage made the Solent - the strait between the mainland and the Isle of Wight - the continued location of British yachting. The organisation at Cowes became the Royal Yachting Club, also at the rise of George IV. All members were required to possess boats of at least 20 tons (20,321 kg). Sailing tests for great stakes were held, and the society life was wonderful. Ultimately Royal Yachting Club boats increased in size to bigger than 350 tons.
In North America, yachting began with the Dutch in New York in the 17th century and continued when the English gained control. Sailing was for the most part for fun and reached its high point in George Crowinshield’s Cleopatra’s Barge (1815), which cruised on the Mediterranean Sea and created a standard of luxury and sophistication for the later yachts in the area from the late 19th century. The first continuing American yacht society, the Detroit Boat Club, was started in 1839. In 1844, John C. Stevens founded the New York Yacht Club while aboard his schooner Gimcrack.
Kinds of sailboats
Early sailing yachts followed the design of such naval craft as brigantines, schooners, and cutters from the 17th century through the later half of the 19th century. The style of sizeable yachts was originally heavily put upon by the win of America, which was drawn by George Steers for a syndicate headed by John C. Stevens, and it was the boat for which the America’s Cup (q.v.) found its namesake after its win at Cowes in 1851. The first yachts were not designed and built in today’s sense, with just a model for an outline. Not until the latter half of the 19th century did what was known as naval architecture come about. Not until the 1920s did the employment of the science of aerodynamics do for the structure of sails and rigging what such study had done earlier for hulls.
Because most of all sailboats had to be individually built, there was a requirement for handicapping boats before the one-design class boats were built. Therefore, a rating rule came into being, which resulted in the International Rule, accepted in 1906 and revised in 1919. Today, one of the most rapidly growing areas in the field of sailing is that of one-design class boats. All boats in a one-design class are manufactured to single specifications in length, beam, sail area, and other areas (for an example of a two-person sailboat, see illustration). Racing those boats can be had on an even basis with no handicapping necessary. A prime example is the standard International America’s Cup Class adopted for participants in the 1992 America’s Cup race.
So long as yachting was an activity primarily for the nobility and the wealthy, money was no problem, and the size of boats developed, in both length and weight. The promotion and desire of smaller yachts came in the latter half of the 19th century out of the sailing of the Englishmen R.T. McMullen, a stockbroker, and E.F. Knight, a barrister and journalist. A trip around the world (1895–98) led single-handedly by the naturalized American captain Joshua Slocum in the 11.3-metre Spray proved the value of smaller boats. Following this in the 20th century, notably after World War II, smaller racing and leisure craft became commonplace, down to the dinghy, a preferred training boat, of 3.7 m. In the late 20th century, boats of less than 3 m were sailed single-handedly across the Atlantic Ocean.
Kinds of power yachts
After the decade 1840–50, at which point steam started to emulate sail power in public craft, the steam engine, and later the internal-combustion engine, were favoured increasingly in personal yachts. Large power yachts were progressed to a high degree, and long-distance sailing turned into a fond occupation of the affluent. The early power yachts were paddle-wheel boats; they then gave way to yachts powered by the wholly submerged screw or propeller sort of propulsion. Like naval and merchant boats, auxiliaries with both sail and power were the yacht fashion for many years. By the later half of the 20th century, a lot of yachts were still auxiliaries, but the large part were only power yachts with gasoline or diesel engines.
In the last decade of the 19th century there was a rise in the design of more sizeable steam yachts. Conspicuous within these was the Mayflower (1897) of 2,690 tons, that had triple-expansion engines, twin screws, and a compartmented iron hull, and was manned by a crew of at least 150. The Mayflower, commissioned by the United States Navy in 1898, was the official yacht of the president of the United States until 1929 and was used in active service in World War II.
As more sizeable and more reliable internal-combustion engines were developed, many bigger boats started using them for power. The development of the diesel engine, employing heavy oil for fuel, progressed for World War I. From the decade following that, big power-yacht building blossomed, climaxing in the Orion (1930) at 3,097 tons. During that period the largest auxiliary yacht built was the four-masted, steel, barque-rigged Sea Cloud (1931) of 2,323 tons.
The building of large power craft lessened in 1932, and the trend after that was toward smaller, less expensive boats. Following World War II, many small naval craft were sold to private owners for conversion to yachts. In the late 20th century, yachting is a widespread popular activity enjoyed by thousands of yachtsmen who are actually sailing and maintaining their own small recreational boats. The number of craft and sailors has increased steadily, not only in the traditional places by the seacoasts but also on inland waterways and lakes.
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Sphere: Related ContentProportional, Progressive, and Regressive taxes
Taxes are differentiated by the effect they have on the allocation of income and wealth. A proportional tax is the kind of tax that places the same relative burden on each taxpayer—i.e., in the case where tax liability and income grow in the same scale. A progressive tax is recognisable by a higher than proportional rise in the tax liability in regard to the growth in income, and a regressive tax is characterizable by a less than proportional increase in the related burden. Thus, progressive taxes are regarded as reducing inequalities in income distribution, whereas regressive taxes are believed to increase these inequalities.
The taxes that are normally regarded as progressive include individual income taxes and estate taxes. Income taxes that are nominally progressive, however, might become less so within the upper-income group—especially if a taxpayer is permitted to lower his tax base by claiming deductions or by removing certain income components from his taxable income. Proportional tax rates that are applied to lower-income classes will also be more progressive if personal exemptions are made.
Income measured over a given year may not absolutely provide the most appropriate measure of taxpaying status. For example, transitory growth in income could be saved, and in temporary declines in income a taxpayer might select to finance consumption by taking from savings. Therefore, if taxation is regarded with “permanent income,” it would be less regressive (or more progressive) than when it is made comparable with annual income.
Sales taxes and excises (with the exception of luxuries) tend to be regressive, because the spread of personal income consumed or spent on a specific good decreases as the rate of personal income increases. Poll taxes (also called head taxes), levied as a fixed amount per capita, clearly are regressive.
It is complicated to determine corporate income taxes and taxes on business as progressive, regressive, or proportionate, due to a lack of certainty about the ability of businesses to shift their tax expenses (see below Shifting and incidence). This difficulty of deciding who bears the tax burden rests essentially on whether a national or a subnational (that is, provincial or state) tax is being debated.
In analysing the economic purpose of taxation, it is important to distinguish between differing ideas of tax rates. The statutory rates will be dictated in law; often these are marginal rates, but sometimes they are median rates. Marginal income tax rates denote the fraction of incremental income that is taken by taxation when income grows by one dollar. So, if tax liability rises by 45 cents when income increases by one dollar, the marginal tax rate is 45 percent. Income tax legislature often contain graduated marginal rates—i.e., rates that grow as income grows. Careful analysis of marginal tax rates should review provisions other than the formal statutory rate structure. If, for example, a particular tax credit (reduction in tax) declines by 20 cents for each one-dollar rise in income, the marginal rate is 20 percentage points greater than specified within the statutory rates. Since marginal rates signify how after-tax income moves in response to changes in before-tax income, they are the appropriate ones for regarding incentive effects of taxation. It is even more difficult to realise the marginal effective tax rate to apply to income from business and capital, as it may be dependant on factors including the structure of depreciation allowances, the deductibility of interest, and the provisions for inflation adjustment. A basic economic theorem shows that the marginal effective tax rate in income from capital is nil under a consumption-based tax.
Average income tax rates indicate the fraction of total income that is paid in taxation. The pattern of average rates is the one that is relevant for appraising the distributional equity of taxation. Under a progressive income tax the average income tax rate increases with income. Average income tax rates commonly rise with income, both because personal allowances are allowed for the taxpayer and dependents and also because marginal tax rates are graduated; on the flip side, preferential treatment of income received for the most part by high-income households might dampen these effects, producing regressivity, as indicated by average tax rates that decrease as income increases.
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